Citations & References (New): Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing are three main ways to fairly and honestly include, integrate and refer to others’ work within your own. In other words – great ways to avoid plagiarism!

Quoting is reproducing an author’s words from a source, using the exact wording, spelling and punctuation. This adds emphasis and weight to an argument.

To correctly integrate a quote you should:

• Use a signal phrase to indicate that a quote is being used. For example:
  • According to Jones…
• Include quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quote.
• Cite and reference it in the appropriate style.

Summarizing is expressing the main ideas and concepts from another source, without including details. Summaries are short and concise.

To correctly summarize you should:

• Use signal phrases to remind the reader that you are referring to someone else’s work. For example:
  • Jones states… Jones further indicates…
• Cite and reference in the appropriate style

A Signal Phrase is when you name the author or resource as part of your sentence.

• According to Jones...
• Jones states that...
• As indicated by Jones...
• As seen on A brief history of books...
• As stated in Shakespeare : the illustrated edition...

Using a Signal Phrase is a very important part of in-text citations.

Paraphrasing is incorporating ideas from another source using your own words. This enables you to demonstrate your understanding and interpretation of the original idea in relation to your topic.

To correctly paraphrase you should:

• Rewrite, reorder, and rephrase key points from the original source
• Use a signal phrase to indicate you have incorporated work from another source. For example:
  • Jones states … As indicated by Jones…
• Cite and Reference in the appropriate style.